If we take the two-bows length that
the Prophet approached to the divine presence or smaller then
all the energy is focused on the center.
That means
even a small amount of energy focused on the center will be an infinite
amount on the small dot in the center of the focus.
When there is command from Allah,
`AMR,
salaamun min kulli amr,
and one meaning of `amr is “directed energy”{
Alif Meem Ra, Alif-Allah's Order to
Meem-Muhammad to
Ra-"The Rabb" Spiritual
Authorities.}?
That is directed energy to Sayyidina Muhammad?
What is the hidden meaning of `amr, what is behind it? On the surface
it is commandment, but there are hidden meanings behind it.
Allahumma salli ala Sayyidina Muhammad hatta yarda Sayyidina Muhammad.
Obey Allah, obey the Prophet (s) and obey those in authority.
Amr is always for Allah swt.
Amr is as you said, is translated as
command. But also it has another meaning, when you do something, they tell
you do this it is a command. That is amr.
Amr also is every situation that involves you in your life. And it means
also every smallest detailed elements that happens in this life and in the
hereafter, it is amr. That is why we say umur ad=dunya, that means
everything related to dunya, or issue that concern you, it is umur ad-dunya,
pl of amr.
And we say umur al-Akhira, it means everything related to akhira. It is
not only command. It is everything that involves our lives, dunya and
akhira it is amr. So it is… since all these issues that concern us in dunya
and in akhira they are brought to us thru angles, so they are carrying
direct command to execute these issues that concern us to every individual
has his own line of amr. And that is why, as it is described, that whole
sphere that from every part of it this like shooting particles of energy
reaching to the center, which means reaching to the focus, is that Allah swt
from every side He is ordering angels to execute issues that concern
humanity or concerns the universe.
And that is why he said, we have revealed it,
inna anzalnaahu fee
laylatil-qadr
we have brought it down on the night of power.
Qadr. Qaf- Qaf wa Quran
al Majid, Dal- Dawam/ World,
Ra- Rabb Arbab Lords Government. Qadr is
qudrat, power.
Power is what energy.
{QDR = Qaf Power of
Quran in Dunya to the
R- Rabb, Arbab Authorities}
So He is saying we sent it on the night of power, it means that power
that cannot be described, because the Holy Qur’an cannot be described and he
revealed it in a night that can not be described. And he repeated it
4
times, in that Surah Laylat al-Qadr { 4 times
for the 4 forces working in the Atom. Layl- Night is
the Ahkfa Point , Point of Annilation where there is no light for
manifestation}
“And what do you think about Laylat al-Qadr” “Laylat al-Qadr is better
than 1000 months.” Salaamun hiya hatta matla`1`il Fajr.
{ From the Fana of
Fajr to the reappearance at Ishraq}
Angels are descending and the spirit (ar-ruh) with kulli amr, from every
direction. Like a sphere, as you described it, from every direction it is
coming.
It means this whole universe that Allah swt created before it was
coming up to appearance, He was as the Prophet (s) said, the first thing
that Allah created is my light and he dumped it in the ocean of power.
The
ocean of power is Laylat al-Qadir.
That is why he described
Laylat al-Qadir…
you have been created your soul and I put it in bahr al-Qudra spinning. The
first that he created was the Light of Prophet (s) ’s light and it was spinning.
Then
it creates energy.
From every side I am sending to you, directing to your moving to you this
energy this kind of power. To the center.
The Prophet
(s) is the focus.
When he was spinning everything that was coming, he was absorbing, and
absorbing and spinning, that was producing more and more energy. That energy
produced from Allah’s spinning and his soul, form that energy universes were
created.
That is why He said, salaamun.
tanazal al-malaikatu war-ruhu bi idhni rabbihim min
kulli `amr.
And the spirit described here is a
huge angel, it is not the souls of
human beings. It is a huge angel that Allah created. The angels and that big
angel are coming down from every direction. Not from every “command.”
From every way possible Allah is sending them.
All of them with one direction to the Prophet and
he is absorbing and when he absorbed, what he absorbed no one can absorb.
When he was spinning he was reducing this energy first absorbing it and
reducing it to that level and then coming up with new
energy that people can carry.
That is why he said
salaamun, peace be upon that energy.{
The Reality of Sayedena Muhammad [s]}
That is the example of Ibrahim when Nimrrod thru him in the fire. Jibree
[as] l
came and asked if he needs help. He said, no Allah will help me. Then Allah
said salaamun `ala Ibrahim.
What He said, peace. So when the Prophet (s) was in that ocean of power
and getting all that heavenly energy, what did he say,
salaamun.
Means it is going to be peaceful. You know these transformers,
take 500 volts and reduce to 220. if you get it
directly from source what happens, you burn.
So the Prophet (s) was the transformer of that energy.
E= So Prophet[s] was mc2.
[
MuhammadanNurun
Allah Nur} he took that energy and reduce it formula it to a mass multiply by
the speed of light that is mc squared.
Because the mass came from energy, as Prophet (s)
was energy.
So he was transforming that energy into a lower level.
How was he transforming it, form energy transforming into mass
multiplied by the speed of light.
It means if we have energy of 10, that mass is going to be small.
If that energy is 20 the mass will be higher.
Because speed of light doesn’t change except slightly.
So Awliya'ullah when their mass becomes huge it means they have become
loaded, loaded as they are mountains on earth. That is why Allah called the
Awliya'ullah and scholars said, they are like mountains on earth.
78:7 Waaljibala awtadan,
Mountains like Pegs
And that is why Allah said, and a sign from us that we carried their
descendants dhurriya in the laden ship, that ship, mashhoon.
36:41 Waayatun lahum
anna hamalna thurriyyatahum fee alfulki almashhooni a sign for them is we
carried their forefathers in the Laden ship
You know what
we call the electric charge or energy it is shuhna. That ship was full of
those charges.
Who was that boat.
It is not the boat of Sayyidina Nuh. The
sign to them is that we carried their progeny in that boat.
And that boat is
Sayedena Muhammad {s} and he carried everything in it,
mashhoon means loaded
with all these electrical energy or charges. Every progeny is a shuhna, an
electric charge.
That is why energy { Energy-Angelic} is equal to mc squared.
From energy Allah does not want that energy to be gone because it does
not belong to human beings.
It belongs to Allah swt where the Prophet (s) was carrying it, charged
with it and then like a main source of electricity, thru the transformer
of the Prophet (s) he reduced it to different battalions. What you have in
the army? Battalion.
That is why he said, souls are like armies in battalions. So those who
know each other come to each other. So the battalions are coming from the
Prophet (s) like charges. Like a transformer, when it gets power form the main
source it does not go to one house, it goes to many houses, like a battalion
receiving energy.
24:35
Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The Parable of His Light is
as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp: the Lamp enclosed in
Glass: the
glass as it were a brilliant star: Lit from
a blessed Tree[almisbahu fee zujajatin
alzzujajatu kaannaha kawkabun durriyyun
yooqadu min shajaratin mubarakatin],
an Olive, neither of the east nor of the west, whose oil is well-nigh
luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth guide
whom He will to His Light: Allah doth set forth Parables for men: and Allah
doth know all things.
He was like a bundle (mishkat) the manifestation of Allah’s light was the
bundle carrying all these small lights transformers that each transformer is
a group of people.
{Similar to Today's Fiber Optic Cable Hold hundreds of Fiber cables of
Light}
That is why you see these group of people come to each
other, like one family they come together like shaykh with his mureeds.
So amr is not only command it is a command in two-sided. Amr is a command
for that energy to move from the ocean of power, bahr al-qudrah. And from
the Prophet (s) out, it becomes `umur al-dunya, issues of the dunya or
issues of akhira, different situations of people that concern them in this
life or in the next life.
That energy belongs to Allah and it has to go back. So when He sends that
energy it reduces thru the Prophet (s) as mass multiplied by speed of light.
When the mass disappears, when it is gone, when you take the mass out, what
will it become? It becomes no more mass, zero.
[It is infinite]
There is no more mass there
is nowhere to reduce it down. So if you are on
a sphere and shooting to the center, all on same distance, equal distance so
they go and come back. And that is why Awliya'ullah when they become as they
are going higher by Allah, their masses, not their physical mass, but they
become very heavily loaded with electrical charges, meaning qudrah power,
that is the miraculous power.
That is the power that Allah gave to the
Prophet and he gave to them. So as they approach closer to the Prophet (s) ,
they become nothing in the presence of the Prophet (s) , then they become
everything, because the Prophet (s) is everything. When they come there,
they understand the real command [amr]. That is the real command.
Here there
is no command because no one listens.
Only the Prophet (s) listens, when
Sayyidina Jibreel comes to him. Not one of us can reach, except some rare
Awliya'ullah. Not reaching what the prophet reached but reaching the
footsteps.
Not here, this the artificial obedience and artificial amr.
The only one who really obeyed is the prophet.
That is why it was coming to me from Mawlana Shaykh, the importance of
mc2. I was sleeping and I woke up before Fajr, and Mawlana was explaining
what is energy is mc2.
He said, that energy is been like a laser that is being shot out, in
every direction to reach one place and from that one place it goes out.
Before it reaches that place we cannot explain it he said,. I woke up and he
was explaining in my ear, I was hearing that.
{Qalam {
Al-Qadir , Lahut to Muhammad = Qul ya Muhammad}
From the moment it is shot from bahr al-Qudra out to reach that place
where it has to reach, the reality of the Prophet (s) , no one can
understand it except the Prophet (s) . That is the real amr.
From the Prophet (s) down, Awliya'ullah down can understand. That is the
imitational amr.
So when Allah wants back that amr
{ Izzat Allah wa Rasuli wa mumeen}, he made death on human beings. He
wasn’t that Abd to be under his (own) command. Now Abd cannot say “no.”
Because death no one can say “no.”
Hatta yateeaka al-yaqeen. You know the yaqeen that you cannot run away
from Allah’s command.
Inna lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji`oon.
Returning to that reality, mc2 is that reality in this universe. It means
in every individual, in everything you see, energy=mc2. there are infinite
number of mc2. is it not.|? we are representing mc2. we are mc2. he was
explaining, and I was hearing.
He said, human beings are mc2.
{ Angelic Energy=or Supporting Insan Mass Two w/2 Lights }
when that mass { Body} that soul is in that mass,
that mass has value.
When that soul disappears that mass has no value. { You Bury it}
The
soul understands now.
Wa in min shayyin illa yusabhih bihamidi.
{ String Theory}
Everything praises Allah even stones.
If you take that tasbih out that stone disappears.
Everything is appearing with that praises.
We
are appearing because our
masses are praising. { specifically the heart Praising of Al-Hay}
When that praising goes away that body will
disintegrates completely.
Every mass has a living tongue.
Because he said Wa in min shayyin illa
yusabhih bihamidiwa laakin laa tafqahoona tasbihahum …
It means a rock is praising - it has an
Angelic Energy. If you remove the mass, the
mass becomes less the soul
So mc2 is soul and in reality the soul is inside. We are not calculating
it.
Allah said, that everything praises.
How do we calculate the mass?
It
means the mass is equal the body plus the soul it is not just the mass
alone. It is a combination there.
So when you eliminate the mass, then what
is left is the soul multiplied by the speed of light.
So energy is not lost,
energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light.
We know the mass is in
realty
mass plus soul.
So when the soul is gone, then the mass is not moving
anymore.
At that time Allah will load the soul with same weight of the mass
that is left behind in order to keep the energy equal to mc2.
so the soul
becomes heavily loaded to equal what is left behind whith the mass, that is the
mass plus the soul.
so Allah will multiply the mass by same mass that was
taken away, the soul leaving the body you will know the yaqeen / certainty at that time.
You
reach the reality of certainty. W ‘abud rabbuka hatta yateeaka al-yaqeen.
At that time you will be loaded to see, it will be loaded completely.
Because energy cannot be lost. So that soul will now be able to see
everything.
As death came.
So now that soul is able to see what you were not able to see when you
were carrying that mass.
But Awliya'ullah because they have been loaded they
left behind their bodies, because they left behind their egoes.
That is why Prophet (s) said, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, no concern to form,
no body anymore.
Then they will be loaded, they can see what cannot be seen. Then they
can see with that energy.
For them they have body but no body. They can transform. Can be here in
china, and in Malaysia, in Indonesa. That is why you can see their form.
They said to one wali of Baghdad saying things that cannot be accepted.
Then they told him. He said “next time cut me with the sword.” Next time on
jumuah he was saying that cannot be accepted and they took their swords and
cut him but he became tansparent.crystal like water, shfafiyya. That sword
had no effect on him, as if passing through light.
So the real `amr tanazal al-malaikatu war-ruhu bi idhni rabbihim min
kulli `amr.
Then quickly he said, salaamun. Peace. Salamun
The
Heart of Holy Quran 36.58
"Peace!"Salamun
- a word (of salutation)
from a Lord Most Merciful!
If that peace comes on us, we
cannot carry it, we will be destroyed completely.
Salaamun hiya, peace that
command, with it until the rising of the dawn.
Until the tidings of the
dawn? It means until the light comes.
Until the reality of Muhammad appears.
On the Day of Judgment.
When the reality comes you know the amr. { Alif, Meem, Ra- Allah Essence to Muhammad {s} to
-Al Rabb- rabbi alAAalameena -Spiritual
Government}
Reality
comes in akhira. Then you know the real reality that is hidden. The
imitational `amr is known.
May Allah forgive us and bless us and..
Bihurmatil fatiha.
If the soul weight 1 and the mass is 100. the mass is heavier than
soul.
The soul might be whatever, minimal epsilon relative to the mass.
So now when that heavy weight is gone, energy has to be equal mc2.
so it means that there must be replacement for that heavy weight.
Then the heavenly charges will be on the soul, to make the mass as it
was before.
So when the heavenly electric charges are burdened on it since they
weigh nearly nothing.
They become very huge and with that they can see what cannot be seen.
That is why the wali when he leaves his mass behind Allah replaces it
with a very powerful electrical charge, that is not actual electrical
charge, that will allow the mass times light to equal energy.
That is called heavenly mass if we like to call it that.
That will be applied to awliya that have it in dunya. That will be for
unbelievers only in akhira, there they will see hellfire.
At that time they will see yaqeen.
The Prophet (s) went to
Isra and Miraj, Allah dressed him with that
heavenly weight. He went with his body. That is a miracle. Only the Prophet
(s) went with his body. Awliya cannot move with body.
That is why they can
transform in dunya, but one body must be in a particular place.
That is why
we say Mawlana shaykh is in body in Cyprus but the other manifestations, are
manifestation of his own reality.
Like mirror images. It shows hundreds of you and the mirror is
manifestation of the real one.
Like one thousand television and
only one camera
and you can see
1000s of
you
You have one true existence which is illuminated by the light
of Muhammad, but when it is reflected like thru mirrors, it is seen. And the
reality is hidden too.
That reality is the source of the reflections. The reflections since they
are part of the reality are realities in themselves and they are realities
according to the level of the observer where they manifest.
Like Sayyidina ibn Arabi said, if not my hand, Nuh and his people would
have drowned,
They said, how? Ulama began to question.
Of course if you bring a cup of water, and you put your finger in it
and take it out, what do you see? A drop.
Is that drop from that water? Yes, so it is part of the water.
Yet you can see it. If you put it back there it becomes the whole.
A part is from the whole. So it cannot be seen anymore
So he said "I am a part of the whole, and the whole is sayyidina
Muhammad.
I am from blood and from spirituality an inheritor of the Prophet (s).
So I entered back in my ocean.
That is why I said, because of my hand, in reality that is the ocean
that raised Sayyidina Nuh from drowning because I am part of the whole."
So the reflections are part of the whole and then the reality appears
thru the reflection and they are realities but not the real reality.
Just a
there is secrete, hidden, most hidden. Different levels of heart. Secret for Naqshbandis, akhfa for Allah swt. Khafa for Prophet (s) .
Reality, then reality of realities. So it is part of him but not the
complete part. That is why he appears according to the level of those whom
he appears to at different places.
That is an ocean of knowledge. They open we can enter, they don’t open we
are lost.
Most people do not realize is that what we see
is at the
intersection of
time and timelessness.
And nuri muhammadi being the light of existence enables us to
intersect with timelessness so we are able to perceive in time a portion
of that realty.
Meaning what we see is a reflection of what is inside.
The same reality but with different intersections seen in different
way.
So he put it in different technical English that can be understood.
He is the ocean. There is so much in what you say.
For example, la hawla wa la quwwatta
illa
billah i…
What most people don’t knows that the word hawla and quwat are different
in that the dimension of hawla is different than quwwah. Quwwah is the
dimension of power and hawla is the dimension of ?
With permission.
Light changes when we perceive it.
Light travels in wavefront.
But when
we perceive it, and perception is the same as the nuri Muhammad it becomes
changeless, it becomes a quanta, it become timeless.
So whether it is the movement of an ant or anything it becomes
timeless it stays in time.
So what we perceive is the intersection of time and timelessness.
Timeless is the manifestation of the fact that we don’t observe it all
the time.
Allah and his angels observe it at all the time so if his gaze were to
be withdrawn at any instant it would disappear.
My knowledge is a fraction of a fraction of a fraction….
They say they found on Mars water? [Mawlana is grinning]
[Dr. Nazeer: yes, they think that there was an ocean there. But I heard
Mawlana Shaykh Nazim say at one time, that Mawlana Shaykh Abdullah in his
Miraj saw that were as many worlds as there are pebbles of sand on a beach
and each one had its own Qiyama{ Within One Grain of Sand are Billions of
Atoms or Universes} . Shaykh Nazim says things that I have
absolutely no idea what it means.]
Sayyidina Khidr asked sayyidina Jibreel how many Adams did you meet with?
So it came to his heart to ask Allah swt “how many universes are there?”
So Allah said, “fly with all your power.” He used to use only 2 wings to
come to the prophet. So he flew with all 600 wings, he flew for 6000 years
with full speed. And as he flew he saw crystal sand, and all of them, tiny
tiny pebbles, very small and in the middle he saw a tree and a green bird.
The bird goes every moment picks up one pebble, goes up the tree, eats the
pebble and then goes down, picks another one and eats it. There is infinity.
No way to count all these pebbles. Flying 700000 years and still unable to
see except one small corner of that ocean of sand.
He said, that green bird is the Prophet (s) Muhammad and each pebble is a
creation a universe.
And Muhammad is seal of messenger for all of them.
For earth we have 124000 Prophet (s). For all other earths they have
124000 Prophet (s) s but only Muhammad is the same for all of them. He is
the seal of messenger for every creation. So where we can understand.
When you go back and leave your mass you will be loaded with heavenly
commands and that way you can understand the amr.
Sayedena Muhammad
Najm
Thagib The Piercing Star {s} said follow anyone of my Sahabi They are Like
Stars.
Awliya when they reach
Enlightment all creation will see that light as a Star.
What is a Star?
The basic difference between a star and a planet is that a
star emits light produced in its interior by fusion reactions (nuclear
`burning'), whereas a planet only shines by reflected light.
The Sun { Galb}is our own special star yet, as stars go, it is a very average star.
There are stars far brighter, fainter, hotter
and cooler than the Sun. Basically, however, all the
stars we can see in the sky are objects similar to the Sun.
The Sun (and any other star) is a great ball of gas held together by its own
gravity. The force of gravity is continually trying to force the Sun towards
its centre and if there were not some other force counteracting it the Sun
would collapse.
The necessary outward pressure is produced by the radiation
from the nuclear energy generation in the Sun's interior.
How do stars originate?
Stars form from concentrations in huge interstellar gas clouds. {amma}
These contract due to their own gravitational pull. As the
cloud gets smaller it loses some of the energy stored in it as potential
gravitational energy.
This is turned into heat which in the early days of the
embryo star can easily escape and so the gas cloud stays cool.
As the cloud's density rises it gets more and more difficult
for the heat to get out and so the centre gets hot.
If the cloud is big
enough the temperature rise is sufficient for nuclear reactions to take
place.
This generates more heat and the `burning' of
hydrogen into
helium takes place, as in the Sun.
The object is then a star. a Wali is Born
Qalb/Sun
The Early Evolution of a Star
In its early stages the embryo star is still surrounded by the remains of
the original gas cloud, from which it formed.
By this stage the cloud
remnant takes the form of a disk around the star.
The radiation from the
star gradually dissipates this disk, possibly leaving behind a system of
smaller objects, planets.
The Main-Sequence
The star now settles down to a long period of stability while the hydrogen
at its centre is converted into helium with the release of an enormous
amount of energy.
This stage is called the main-sequence stage, a reference to
the classical color-magnitude or
Most stars lie in a well defined band in the diagram
and the only parameter that determines where in the band they lie is the
star's mass.
The more massive a star is the quicker it `burns' up
its hydrogen and hence the brighter, bigger and hotter it is.
The rapid conversion of hydrogen into helium also means that
the hydrogen gets used up sooner for the more massive stars than for the
smaller ones.
For a star like the Sun the main-sequence stage lasts about
10,000,000,000 years whereas a star 10 times as massive will be 10,000 times
as bright but will only last 100,000,000 years.
A star one tenth of the Sun's mass will only be 1/10,000th of
its brightness but will last 1,000,000,000,000 years.
Post Main-Sequence Evolution.
Stars do not all evolve in the same way. Once again it is the star's mass
that determines how they change.
MEDIUM MASS STARS: Stars similar in mass to the
Sun `burn' hydrogen into helium in their centres during the main-sequence
phase but eventually there is no hydrogen left in the centre to provide the
necessary radiation pressure to balance gravity.
The centre of the star thus contracts until it is hot enough
for helium to be converted into carbon.
The hydrogen in a shell continues to `burn' into helium but
the outer layers of the star have to expand.
This makes the star appear brighter and
cooler and it becomes a red giant. Sir
During the red giant phase a star often loses a lot of its outer layers
which are blown away by the radiation coming from below.
Eventually, in the more massive stars of the group the carbon
may be `burnt' to even heavier elements but eventually the energy generation
will fizzle out and the star will collapse to what is called a
`degenerate white dwarf'.
Sir Sir White
SMALL MASS STARS: Our knowledge of the
evolution of these stars is purely theoretical because their main sequence
stage lasts longer than the present age of the Universe, so none of the
stars in this mass range has evolved this far!
We believe that the evolution will proceed as for the medium
mass stars except that the temperature in the interior will never rise high
enough for helium `burning' to start.
The hydrogen will continue to `burn' in a shell but will
eventually be all used up. The star will then just get cooler and cooler
ending up after about 1,000,000,000,000 years as a
`black dwarf'.
The Khafa
HIGH MASS STARS: There are very few stars with masses greater than five
times the mass of the Sun but their evolution ends in a very spectacular
fashion. As was said above, these stars go through their evolutionary stages
very quickly compared to the Sun.
Like medium mass stars, they `burn' all the hydrogen at their
centres and continue with a hydrogen `burning' shell and central helium
`burning'.
They become brighter and cooler on the outside and are called red supergiants.
Carbon `burning' can develop at the star's centre and a
complex set of element `burning' shells can develop towards the end of the
star's life.
During this stage many different chemical elements will be
produced in the star and the central temperature will approach 100,000,000
degrees Kelvin.
For all the elements up to iron the addition of more nucleons to the nucleus
produces energy and so yields a small contribution to the balance inside the
star between gravity and radiation.
To add more nucleons to the iron nucleus
requires energy and so once the centre of the star
consists of iron no more energy can be extracted.
The star's core then has no resistance to the force of
gravity and once it starts to contract a very rapid collapse will take
place.
The protons and electrons combine to give a core
composed of neutrons and a vast amount of
gravitational energy is released.
This energy is sufficient to blow away all the outer parts of
the star in a violent explosion and the star becomes a supernova. { Khafa
Secrets of Qiyama Zilzalahh Quaking of Mass}
The light of this one star is then as bright as that from all
the other 100,000,000,000 stars in the galaxy.
Going to the Ahkfa the Black Holes.
During this explosive phase all the elements with atomic
weights greater than iron are formed and, together with the rest of the
outer regions of the star are blown out into interstellar space.
The central core of neutrons is left as
a neutron star which could be a pulsar.
What is remarkable about this is that the first stars were composed almost
entirely of hydrogen and helium and there were no oxygen, nitrogen, iron, or
any of the other elements that are necessary for life.
These were all produced inside massive stars and were all
spread throughout space by such supernovae events. We are made up of
material that has been processed at least once, and probably several times,
inside stars.
Binding energy
The basic building blocks of atoms are protons neutrons and electrons.
Protons and neutrons can be split into quarks but this takes place at
energies higher than are found in stars.
The binding energy of atomic nuclei plotted against the atomic number of the
nuclei. Energy is released by the fusion of light elements into heavier
elements (elements on the left) or the fission of heavy elements into
lighter elements (elements on the right).
Iron is the highest element on the graph, and the most
stable. It cannot release energy through either fusion or fission.
Protons carry a positive charge and reside with neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom. At room temperature the atom contains the same
number of electrons as there are protons in the nucleus, which makes the
atom electrically neutral.
It is the electrons that define the physical and chemical
properties of the elements as we experience them on Earth.
An atom of hydrogen has one proton and one orbiting electron
while an atom of iron-56 has 26 electrons surrounding a nucleus containing
26 protons and 30 neutrons. The normal notation is 56Fe. It is the number of
protons that defines the identity of an element. For each element the number
of neutrons can vary and atoms with the same number of protons but differing
numbers of neutrons are referred to as isotopes. For example iron has stable
isotopes with 28, 30 and 31 neutrons.
The neutrons and protons are held together in the nucleus by
the 'strong force'.
The strong force only acts over very small distances but
is able to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between protons.
The most
tightly bound nuclei are those close to iron in the periodic table of
elements. The tightness of this binding is measured by the binding energy
per nucleon where 'nucleon' is a collective name for neutrons and protons.
It is also sometimes called the mass defect per nucleon. This reflects the
fact that the total mass of the nucleus is less than the sum of the mass of
the individual neutrons and protons that formed the nucleus.
The difference
in mass is equivalent to the energy released in forming the nucleus. The
graph plots binding energy as a function of atomic number or number of
nucleons per atom.
The general decrease in binding energy beyond iron is
caused by the fact that, as the nucleus gets bigger, the ability of the
strong force to counteract the electrostatic force between the protons
becomes weaker.
The peaks in binding energy at 4,8,16 and 24 nucleons is a
consequence of the great stability of helium-4 a combination of two protons
and two neutrons. The maximum binding energy at iron means that elements
lighter than iron release energy when fused.
This is the source of energy in
stars and hydrogen bombs. From the graph it can be seen that the greatest
release of energy occurs fusing hydrogen to form helium.
{ Dhikr HUuuuu}
Elements heavier than iron only release energy when split, as was the case
with the plutonium and uranium used in the first atomic bombs.
Elements heavier than iron are made in stars by capturing
neutrons onto atomic nuclei. This takes place in some red giants and in
supernovae explosions. A new isotope is created when an atom captures a
neutron. If this isotope is unstable then a neutron can convert into a
proton, releasing an electron.
This is called beta decay and is a form of radioactive decay
also observed on Earth. By converting a neutron into a proton the atom has
increased its atomic number by one and become the adjacent element in the
periodic table.
It may then capture another neutron, and so on, so that using
iron as seed nuclei it is possible to build all the elements heavier than
iron in the periodic table.
The difference between element synthesis in red giants and
supernovae is that in supernovae the flux of neutrons is greater and it is
possible for the atom to capture a second, or third neutron, before it has a
chance to beta-decay. This leads to the production of a different set of
elements to those produced in red giants, where the flux of neutrons is much
less.